Prix Nobel
Découvrez les esprits brillants qui ont façonné notre monde.
Susumu Kitagawa
"for the development of metal–organic frameworks"
Richard Robson
"for the development of metal–organic frameworks"
Omar M. Yaghi
"for the development of metal–organic frameworks"
"for having explained innovation-driven economic growth"
Joel Mokyr
"for having identified the prerequisites for sustained growth through technological progress"
Philippe Aghion
"for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction"
Peter Howitt
"for the theory of sustained growth through creative destruction"
László Krasznahorkai
"for his compelling and visionary oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms the power of art"
Mary E. Brunkow
"for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance"
Frederick J. Ramsdell
"for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance"
Shimon Sakaguchi
"for their discoveries concerning peripheral immune tolerance"
Maria Corina Machado
"for her tireless work promoting democratic rights for the people of Venezuela and for her struggle to achieve a just and peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy"
John Clarke
"for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit"
Michel H. Devoret
"for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit"
John M. Martinis
"for the discovery of macroscopic quantum mechanical tunnelling and energy quantisation in an electric circuit"
David Baker
"for computational protein design"
Demis Hassabis
"for protein structure prediction"
John Jumper
"for protein structure prediction"
Daron Acemoglu
"for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity"
Simon Johnson
"for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity"
James Robinson
"for studies of how institutions are formed and affect prosperity"
Kang Han
"for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life"
Victor Ambros
"for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"
Gary Ruvkun
"for the discovery of microRNA and its role in post-transcriptional gene regulation"
Nihon Hidankyo
"for its efforts to achieve a world free of nuclear weapons and for demonstrating through witness testimony that nuclear weapons must never be used again"
John Hopfield
"for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks"
Geoffrey Hinton
"for foundational discoveries and inventions that enable machine learning with artificial neural networks"
Moungi Bawendi
"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"
Louis Brus
"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"
Aleksey Yekimov
"for the discovery and synthesis of quantum dots"
Claudia Goldin
"for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes"
Jon Fosse
"for his innovative plays and prose which give voice to the unsayable"
Katalin Karikó
"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"
Drew Weissman
"for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"
Narges Mohammadi
"for her fight against the oppression of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all"
Pierre Agostini
"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"
Ferenc Krausz
"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"
Anne L’Huillier
"for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter"
Carolyn Bertozzi
"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"
Morten Meldal
"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"
Barry Sharpless
"for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"
Ben Bernanke
"for research on banks and financial crises"
Douglas Diamond
"for research on banks and financial crises"
Philip Dybvig
"for research on banks and financial crises"
Annie Ernaux
"for the courage and clinical acuity with which she uncovers the roots, estrangements and collective restraints of personal memory"
Svante Pääbo
"for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution"
Ales Bialiatski
"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy."
Memorial
"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy."
Center for Civil Liberties
"The Peace Prize laureates represent civil society in their home countries. They have for many years promoted the right to criticise power and protect the fundamental rights of citizens. They have made an outstanding effort to document war crimes, human right abuses and the abuse of power. Together they demonstrate the significance of civil society for peace and democracy."
Alain Aspect
"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"
John Clauser
"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"
Anton Zeilinger
"for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"
Benjamin List
"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis"
David MacMillan
"for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis"
David Card
"for his empirical contributions to labour economics"
Joshua Angrist
"for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"
Guido Imbens
"for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"
Abdulrazak Gurnah
"for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents"
David Julius
"for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"
Ardem Patapoutian
"for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"
Maria Ressa
"for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace"
Dmitry Muratov
"for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace"
"for groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex physical systems"
Syukuro Manabe
"for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"
Klaus Hasselmann
"for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"
Giorgio Parisi
"for the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales"
Emmanuelle Charpentier
"for the development of a method for genome editing"
Jennifer A. Doudna
"for the development of a method for genome editing"
Paul Milgrom
"for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"
Robert Wilson
"for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"
Louise Glück
"for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal"
Harvey Alter
"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
Michael Houghton
"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
Charles Rice
"for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
World Food Programme
"for its efforts to combat hunger, for its contribution to bettering conditions for peace in conflict-affected areas and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of hunger as a weapon of war and conflict"
Roger Penrose
"for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity"
Reinhard Genzel
"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"
Andrea Ghez
"for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"
John Goodenough
"for the development of lithium-ion batteries"
M. Stanley Whittingham
"for the development of lithium-ion batteries"
Akira Yoshino
"for the development of lithium-ion batteries"
Abhijit Banerjee
"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
Esther Duflo
"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
Michael Kremer
"for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
Peter Handke
"for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience"
William Kaelin
"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
Peter Ratcliffe
"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
Gregg Semenza
"for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
Abiy Ahmed Ali
"for his efforts to achieve peace and international cooperation, and in particular for his decisive initiative to resolve the border conflict with neighbouring Eritrea"
"for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos"
James Peebles
"for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology"
Michel Mayor
"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star"
Didier Queloz
"for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star"
Frances H. Arnold
"for the directed evolution of enzymes"
George P. Smith
"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
Sir Gregory P. Winter
"for the phage display of peptides and antibodies"
William D. Nordhaus
"for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"
Paul M. Romer
"for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis"
Olga Tokarczuk
"for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life"
James P. Allison
"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"
Tasuku Honjo
"for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"
Denis Mukwege
"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict"
Nadia Murad
"for their efforts to end the use of sexual violence as a weapon of war and armed conflict"
"for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics"
Arthur Ashkin
"for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"
Gérard Mourou
"for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"
Donna Strickland
"for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses"
Jacques Dubochet
"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution"
Joachim Frank
"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution"
Richard Henderson
"for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution"
Richard H. Thaler
"for his contributions to behavioural economics"
Kazuo Ishiguro
"who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world"
Jeffrey C. Hall
"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
Michael Rosbash
"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
Michael W. Young
"for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons"
Rainer Weiss
"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
Barry C. Barish
"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
Kip S. Thorne
"for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
Jean-Pierre Sauvage
"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"
Sir J. Fraser Stoddart
"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"
Bernard L. Feringa
"for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"
Oliver Hart
"for their contributions to contract theory"
Bengt Holmström
"for their contributions to contract theory"
Bob Dylan
"for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"
Yoshinori Ohsumi
"for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy"
Juan Manuel Santos
"for his resolute efforts to bring the country's more than 50-year-long civil war to an end"
David J. Thouless
"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"
F. Duncan M. Haldane
"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"
J. Michael Kosterlitz
"for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"
Tomas Lindahl
"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
Paul Modrich
"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
Aziz Sancar
"for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
Angus Deaton
"for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare"
Svetlana Alexievich
"for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time"
William C. Campbell
"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
Satoshi Ōmura
"for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
Youyou Tu
"for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria"
National Dialogue Quartet
"for its decisive contribution to the building of a pluralistic democracy in Tunisia in the wake of the Jasmine Revolution of 2011"
Takaaki Kajita
"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"
Arthur B. McDonald
"for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass"
Eric Betzig
"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
Stefan W. Hell
"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
William E. Moerner
"for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
Jean Tirole
"for his analysis of market power and regulation"
Patrick Modiano
"for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation"
John O'Keefe
"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
May-Britt Moser
"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
Edvard I. Moser
"for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
Kailash Satyarthi
"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education"
Malala Yousafzai
"for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education"
Isamu Akasaki
"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
Hiroshi Amano
"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
Shuji Nakamura
"for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
Martin Karplus
"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
Michael Levitt
"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
Arieh Warshel
"for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
Eugene F. Fama
"for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
Lars Peter Hansen
"for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
Robert J. Shiller
"for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
Alice Munro
"master of the contemporary short story"
James E. Rothman
"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
Randy W. Schekman
"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
Thomas C. Südhof
"for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons
"for its extensive efforts to eliminate chemical weapons"
François Englert
"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"
Peter Higgs
"for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider"
Robert J. Lefkowitz
"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
Brian Kobilka
"for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
Alvin E. Roth
"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"
Lloyd S. Shapley
"for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"
Mo Yan
"who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary"
Sir John B. Gurdon
"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"
Shinya Yamanaka
"for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"
European Union
"for over six decades contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe"
Serge Haroche
"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"
David J. Wineland
"for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"
Dan Shechtman
"for the discovery of quasicrystals"
Thomas J. Sargent
"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"
Christopher A. Sims
"for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"
Tomas Tranströmer
"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality"
Bruce A. Beutler
"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
Jules A. Hoffmann
"for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
Ralph M. Steinman
"for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"
Leymah Gbowee
"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"
Tawakkol Karman
"for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"
Saul Perlmutter
"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
Brian P. Schmidt
"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
Adam G. Riess
"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
Richard F. Heck
"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
Ei-ichi Negishi
"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
Akira Suzuki
"for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
Peter A. Diamond
"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
Dale T. Mortensen
"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
Christopher A. Pissarides
"for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
Mario Vargas Llosa
"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat"
Robert G. Edwards
"for the development of in vitro fertilization"
Xiaobo Liu
"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China"
Andre Geim
"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"
Konstantin Novoselov
"for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene"
Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
Thomas A. Steitz
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
Ada E. Yonath
"for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
Elinor Ostrom
"for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"
Oliver E. Williamson
"for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm"
Herta Müller
"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed"
Elizabeth H. Blackburn
"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
Carol W. Greider
"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
Jack W. Szostak
"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
Barack Obama
"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"
Charles K. Kao
"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"
Willard S. Boyle
"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor"
George E. Smith
"for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit - the CCD sensor"
Osamu Shimomura
"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
Martin Chalfie
"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
Roger Y. Tsien
"for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
Paul Krugman
"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"
Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio
"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization"
Harald zur Hausen
"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi
"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"
Luc Montagnier
"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"
Martti Ahtisaari
"for his important efforts, on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"
Yoichiro Nambu
"for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
Makoto Kobayashi
"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"
Toshihide Maskawa
"for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature"
Gerhard Ertl
"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
Leonid Hurwicz
"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
Eric S. Maskin
"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
Roger B. Myerson
"for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
Doris Lessing
"that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"
Mario R. Capecchi
"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
Sir Martin J. Evans
"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
Oliver Smithies
"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"
Al Gore
"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"
Albert Fert
"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"
Peter Grünberg
"for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance"
Roger D. Kornberg
"for his studies of the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription"
Edmund S. Phelps
"for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy"
Orhan Pamuk
"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures"
Andrew Z. Fire
"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
Craig C. Mello
"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
Muhammad Yunus
"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below"
Grameen Bank
"for their efforts to create economic and social development from below"
John C. Mather
"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
George F. Smoot
"for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
Yves Chauvin
"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
Robert H. Grubbs
"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
Richard R. Schrock
"for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
Robert J. Aumann
"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
Thomas C. Schelling
"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
Harold Pinter
"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"
Barry J. Marshall
"for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"
J. Robin Warren
"for their discovery of the bacterium <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"
International Atomic Energy Agency
"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"
Mohamed ElBaradei
"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"
Roy J. Glauber
"for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
John L. Hall
"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"
Theodor W. Hänsch
"for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique"
Avram Hershko
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Aaron Ciechanover
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Irwin Rose
"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
Finn E. Kydland
"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"
Edward C. Prescott
"for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"
Elfriede Jelinek
"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"
Richard Axel
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
Linda B. Buck
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
Wangari Maathai
"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"
David J. Gross
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
H. David Politzer
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
Frank Wilczek
"for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
"for discoveries concerning channels in cell membranes"
Peter Agre
"for the discovery of water channels"
Roderick MacKinnon
"for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
Robert F. Engle III
"for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"
Clive W.J. Granger
"for methods of analyzing economic time series with common trends (cointegration)"
J. M. Coetzee
"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider"
Paul C. Lauterbur
"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
Sir Peter Mansfield
"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
Shirin Ebadi
"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children"
Alexei Abrikosov
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
Vitaly L. Ginzburg
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
Anthony J. Leggett
"for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
"for the development of methods for identification and structure analyses of biological macromolecules"
John B. Fenn
"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
Koichi Tanaka
"for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
Kurt Wüthrich
"for his development of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy for determining the three-dimensional structure of biological macromolecules in solution"
Daniel Kahneman
"for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
Vernon L. Smith
"for having established laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis, especially in the study of alternative market mechanisms"
Imre Kertész
"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"
Sydney Brenner
"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death"
H. Robert Horvitz
"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death"
John E. Sulston
"for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death"
Jimmy Carter
"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"
Raymond Davis Jr.
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
Masatoshi Koshiba
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
Riccardo Giacconi
"for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
William Knowles
"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
Ryoji Noyori
"for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
Barry Sharpless
"for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
George A. Akerlof
"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
A. Michael Spence
"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
Joseph E. Stiglitz
"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
V. S. Naipaul
"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories"
Sir Paul Nurse
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
Leland Hartwell
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
Tim Hunt
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
United Nations
"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"
Kofi Annan
"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"
Eric Cornell
"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
Wolfgang Ketterle
"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
Carl Wieman
"for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
Alan Heeger
"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
Alan MacDiarmid
"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
Hideki Shirakawa
"for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
James J. Heckman
"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"
Daniel L. McFadden
"for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"
Xingjian Gao
"for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama"
Arvid Carlsson
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
Paul Greengard
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
Eric Kandel
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
Kim Dae-jung
"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"
"for basic work on information and communication technology"
Zhores Alferov
"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics"
Herbert Kroemer
"for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics"
Jack Kilby
"for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
Ahmed Zewail
"for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
Robert Mundell
"for his analysis of monetary and fiscal policy under different exchange rate regimes and his analysis of optimum currency areas"
Günter Grass
"whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history"
Günter Blobel
"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
Doctors Without Borders
"in recognition of the organisation's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"
Gerardus 't Hooft
"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"
Martinus J.G. Veltman
"for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics"
Walter Kohn
"for his development of the density-functional theory"
John Pople
"for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry"
Amartya Sen
"for his contributions to welfare economics"
José Saramago
"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality"
Robert F. Furchgott
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
Louis J. Ignarro
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
Ferid Murad
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
John Hume
"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"
David Trimble
"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"
Robert B. Laughlin
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
Horst L. Störmer
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
Daniel C. Tsui
"for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
Paul D. Boyer
"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
John E. Walker
"for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
Jens C. Skou
"for the first discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+, K+ -ATPase"
Robert C. Merton
"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
Myron Scholes
"for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
Dario Fo
"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden"
Stanley B. Prusiner
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"
International Campaign to Ban Landmines
"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"
Jody Williams
"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"
Steven Chu
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
Claude Cohen-Tannoudji
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
William D. Phillips
"for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
Robert F. Curl Jr.
"for their discovery of fullerenes"
Sir Harold Kroto
"for their discovery of fullerenes"
Richard E. Smalley
"for their discovery of fullerenes"
James A. Mirrlees
"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"
William Vickrey
"for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"
Wisława Szymborska
"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"
Peter C. Doherty
"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"
Rolf M. Zinkernagel
"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"
Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo
"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor"
José Ramos-Horta
"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor"
David M. Lee
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
Douglas D. Osheroff
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
Robert C. Richardson
"for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
Paul J. Crutzen
"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
Mario J. Molina
"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
F. Sherwood Rowland
"for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
Robert E. Lucas Jr.
"for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy"
Seamus Heaney
"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past"
Edward B. Lewis
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
Eric F. Wieschaus
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
Joseph Rotblat
"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"
Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs
"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"
"for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics"
Martin L. Perl
"for the discovery of the tau lepton"
Frederick Reines
"for the detection of the neutrino"
George A. Olah
"for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
John C. Harsanyi
"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
John F. Nash Jr.
"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
Reinhard Selten
"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
Kenzaburo Oe
"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today"
Alfred G. Gilman
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
Martin Rodbell
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
Yasser Arafat
"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East"
Shimon Peres
"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East"
Yitzhak Rabin
"for their efforts to create peace in the Middle East"
"for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter"
Bertram N. Brockhouse
"for the development of neutron spectroscopy"
Clifford G. Shull
"for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"
"for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry"
Kary B. Mullis
"for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
Michael Smith
"for his fundamental contributions to the establishment of oligonucleotide-based, site-directed mutagenesis and its development for protein studies"
Robert W. Fogel
"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
Douglass C. North
"for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
Toni Morrison
"who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"
Richard J. Roberts
"for their discoveries of split genes"
Phillip A. Sharp
"for their discoveries of split genes"
Nelson Mandela
"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"
F.W. de Klerk
"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"
Russell A. Hulse
"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
Joseph H. Taylor Jr.
"for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
Rudolph A. Marcus
"for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
Gary Becker
"for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour"
Derek Walcott
"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment"
Edmond H. Fischer
"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
Edwin G. Krebs
"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
Rigoberta Menchú Tum
"for her struggle for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"
Georges Charpak
"for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber"
Richard R. Ernst
"for his contributions to the development of the methodology of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy"
Ronald H. Coase
"for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy"
Nadine Gordimer
"who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"
Erwin Neher
"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"
Bert Sakmann
"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"
Aung San Suu Kyi
"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"
Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
"for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers"
Elias James Corey
"for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
Harry M. Markowitz
"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
Merton H. Miller
"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
William F. Sharpe
"for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
Octavio Paz
"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity"
Joseph E. Murray
"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
E. Donnall Thomas
"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
Mikhail Gorbachev
"for the leading role he played in the radical changes in East-West relations"
Jerome I. Friedman
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
Henry W. Kendall
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
Richard E. Taylor
"for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
Sidney Altman
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
Thomas R. Cech
"for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
Trygve Haavelmo
"for his clarification of the probability theory foundations of econometrics and his analyses of simultaneous economic structures"
Camilo José Cela
"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability"
J. Michael Bishop
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
Harold E. Varmus
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
Lhamo Thondup
"for advocating peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people"
Norman F. Ramsey
"for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
Hans G. Dehmelt
"for the development of the ion trap technique"
Wolfgang Paul
"for the development of the ion trap technique"
Johann Deisenhofer
"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
Robert Huber
"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
Hartmut Michel
"for the determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre"
Maurice Allais
"for his pioneering contributions to the theory of markets and efficient utilization of resources"
Naguib Mahfouz
"who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind"
Sir James W. Black
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
Gertrude B. Elion
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
George H. Hitchings
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
"for preventing armed clashes and creating conditions for negotiations"
Leon M. Lederman
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
Melvin Schwartz
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
Jack Steinberger
"for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
Donald J. Cram
"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
Jean-Marie Lehn
"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
Charles J. Pedersen
"for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
Robert M. Solow
"for his contributions to the theory of economic growth"
Joseph Brodsky
"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
Susumu Tonegawa
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"
Oscar Arias Sánchez
"for his work for lasting peace in Central America"
J. Georg Bednorz
"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
K. Alex Müller
"for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials"
Dudley R. Herschbach
"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
Yuan T. Lee
"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
John C. Polanyi
"for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
James M. Buchanan Jr.
"for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"
Wole Soyinka
"who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence"
Stanley Cohen
"for their discoveries of growth factors"
Rita Levi-Montalcini
"for their discoveries of growth factors"
Elie Wiesel
"for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity"
Ernst Ruska
"for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope"
Gerd Binnig
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
Heinrich Rohrer
"for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope"
Herbert A. Hauptman
"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
Jerome Karle
"for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
Franco Modigliani
"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
Claude Simon
"who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"
Michael S. Brown
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
Joseph L. Goldstein
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War
"for spreading authoritative information and by creating awareness of the catastrophic consequences of nuclear war"
Klaus von Klitzing
"for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect"
Bruce Merrifield
"for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
Richard Stone
"for having made fundamental contributions to the development of systems of national accounts and hence greatly improved the basis for empirical economic analysis"
Jaroslav Seifert
"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man"
Niels K. Jerne
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"
Georges J.F. Köhler
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"
César Milstein
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"
Desmond Tutu
"for his role as a unifying leader figure in the non-violent campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa"
Carlo Rubbia
"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
Simon van der Meer
"for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction"
Henry Taube
"for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
Gerard Debreu
"for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium"
William Golding
"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today"
Barbara McClintock
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"
Lech Wałęsa
"for non-violent struggle for free trade unions and human rights in Poland"
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
"for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
William A. Fowler
"for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
Aaron Klug
"for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes"
George J. Stigler
"for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"
Gabriel García Márquez
"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts"
Sune K. Bergström
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"
Bengt I. Samuelsson
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"
John R. Vane
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"
Alva Myrdal
"for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones"
Alfonso García Robles
"for their work for disarmament and nuclear and weapon-free zones"
Kenneth G. Wilson
"for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions"
Kenichi Fukui
"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
Roald Hoffmann
"for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions"
James Tobin
"for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices"
Elias Canetti
"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power"
Roger W. Sperry
"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"
David H. Hubel
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
Torsten N. Wiesel
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
"for promoting the fundamental rights of refugees"
Nicolaas Bloembergen
"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
Arthur L. Schawlow
"for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
Kai M. Siegbahn
"for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy"
Paul Berg
"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
Walter Gilbert
"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
Frederick Sanger
"for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
Lawrence R. Klein
"for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
Czesław Miłosz
"who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"
Baruj Benacerraf
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
Jean Dausset
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
George D. Snell
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
"for being a source of inspiration to repressed people, especially in Latin America"
James Cronin
"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
Val Fitch
"for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
Herbert C. Brown
"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
Georg Wittig
"for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
Theodore W. Schultz
"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"
Sir Arthur Lewis
"for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"
Odysseus Elytis
"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness"
Allan M. Cormack
"for the development of computer assisted tomography"
Godfrey N. Hounsfield
"for the development of computer assisted tomography"
Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu
"for her work for bringing help to suffering humanity"
Sheldon Glashow
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
Abdus Salam
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
Steven Weinberg
"for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
Peter Mitchell
"for his contribution to the understanding of biological energy transfer through the formulation of the chemiosmotic theory"
Herbert Simon
"for his pioneering research into the decision-making process within economic organizations"
Isaac Bashevis Singer
"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
Werner Arber
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
Daniel Nathans
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
Hamilton O. Smith
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
Anwar al-Sadat
"for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978"
Menachem Begin
"for jointly having negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel in 1978"
Pyotr Kapitsa
"for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics"
Arno Penzias
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
Robert Woodrow Wilson
"for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
Ilya Prigogine
"for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics, particularly the theory of dissipative structures"
Bertil Ohlin
"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements"
James E. Meade
"for their pathbreaking contribution to the theory of international trade and international capital movements"
Vicente Aleixandre
"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars"
Roger Guillemin
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
Andrew V. Schally
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
Rosalyn Yalow
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
Amnesty International
"for worldwide respect for human rights"
Philip W. Anderson
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
Sir Nevill F. Mott
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
John H. Van Vleck
"for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
William Lipscomb
"for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
Milton Friedman
"for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy"
Saul Bellow
"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
Baruch S. Blumberg
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
D. Carleton Gajdusek
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
Betty Williams
"for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland"
Mairead Corrigan
"for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland"
Burton Richter
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
Samuel C.C. Ting
"for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
John Cornforth
"for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions"
Vladimir Prelog
"for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions"
Leonid Vitaliyevich Kantorovich
"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
Tjalling C. Koopmans
"for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
Eugenio Montale
"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions"
David Baltimore
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
Renato Dulbecco
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
Howard M. Temin
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
Andrei Sakharov
"for his struggle for human rights in the Soviet Union, for disarmament and cooperation between all nations"
Aage N. Bohr
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
Ben R. Mottelson
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
James Rainwater
"for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
Paul J. Flory
"for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
Gunnar Myrdal
"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena"
Friedrich von Hayek
"for their pioneering work in the theory of money and economic fluctuations and for their penetrating analysis of the interdependence of economic, social and institutional phenomena"
Eyvind Johnson
"for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom"
Harry Martinson
"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos"
Albert Claude
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
Christian de Duve
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
George E. Palade
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
Seán MacBride
"for his efforts to secure and develop human rights throughout the world"
Eisaku Satō
"for his contribution to stabilize conditions in the Pacific rim area and for signing the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty"
Martin Ryle
"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
Antony Hewish
"for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars"
Ernst Otto Fischer
"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
Geoffrey Wilkinson
"for their pioneering work, performed independently, on the chemistry of the organometallic, so called sandwich compounds"
Wassily Leontief
"for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
Patrick White
"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature"
Karl von Frisch
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"
Konrad Lorenz
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"
Nikolaas Tinbergen
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"
Henry Kissinger
"for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973"
Le Duc Tho
"for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973"
Leo Esaki
"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
Ivar Giaever
"for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
Brian D. Josephson
"for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects"
Christian Anfinsen
"for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
Stanford Moore
"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
William H. Stein
"for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
John R. Hicks
"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
Kenneth J. Arrow
"for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
Heinrich Böll
"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature"
Gerald M. Edelman
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
Rodney R. Porter
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money for 1972 was allocated to the Main Fund."
John Bardeen
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
Leon N. Cooper
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
Robert Schrieffer
"for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
Gerhard Herzberg
"for his contributions to the knowledge of electronic structure and geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals"
Simon Kuznets
"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
Pablo Neruda
"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams"
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"
Willy Brandt
"for paving the way for a meaningful dialogue between East and West"
Dennis Gabor
"for his invention and development of the holographic method"
Luis Leloir
"for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates"
Paul A. Samuelson
"for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature"
Sir Bernard Katz
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
Ulf von Euler
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
Julius Axelrod
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
Norman Borlaug
"for having given a well-founded hope - the green revolution"
Hannes Alfvén
"for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics"
Louis Néel
"for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics"
Derek Barton
"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
Odd Hassel
"for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation and its application in chemistry"
Ragnar Frisch
"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes"
Jan Tinbergen
"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes"
Samuel Beckett
"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation"
Max Delbrück
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
Alfred D. Hershey
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
Salvador E. Luria
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
International Labour Organization
"for creating international legislation insuring certain norms for working conditions in every country"
Murray Gell-Mann
"for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
Lars Onsager
"for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
Yasunari Kawabata
"for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind"
Robert W. Holley
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
H. Gobind Khorana
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
Marshall W. Nirenberg
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
René Cassin
"for his struggle to ensure the rights of man as stipulated in the UN Declaration"
Luis Alvarez
"for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
Manfred Eigen
"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
Ronald G.W. Norrish
"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
George Porter
"for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions, effected by disturbing the equilibrium by means of very short pulses of energy"
Miguel Angel Asturias
"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America"
Ragnar Granit
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
Keffer Hartline
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
George Wald
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
Hans Bethe
"for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
Robert S. Mulliken
"for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
Shmuel Agnon
"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people"
Nelly Sachs
"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"
Peyton Rous
"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"
Charles B. Huggins
"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Alfred Kastler
"for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms"
Robert B. Woodward
"for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
Mikhail Sholokhov
"for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people"
François Jacob
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
André Lwoff
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
Jacques Monod
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
United Nations Children's Fund
"for its effort to enhance solidarity between nations and reduce the difference between rich and poor states"
Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
Julian Schwinger
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
Richard P. Feynman
"for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
"for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"
Jean-Paul Sartre
"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age"
Konrad Bloch
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
Feodor Lynen
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
Martin Luther King Jr.
"for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population"
Charles H. Townes
"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
Nicolay G. Basov
"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
Aleksandr M. Prokhorov
"for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
Karl Ziegler
"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
Giulio Natta
"for their discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers"
Giorgos Seferis
"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture"
Sir John Eccles
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"
Alan Hodgkin
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"
Andrew Huxley
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"
International Committee of the Red Cross
"for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN"
League of Red Cross Societies
"for promoting the principles of the Geneva Convention and cooperation with the UN"
Eugene Wigner
"for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
Maria Goeppert Mayer
"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
J. Hans D. Jensen
"for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
Max F. Perutz
"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
John C. Kendrew
"for their studies of the structures of globular proteins"
John Steinbeck
"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"
Francis Crick
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
James Watson
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
Maurice Wilkins
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
Linus Pauling
"for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West"
Lev Landau
"for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium"
Melvin Calvin
"for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
Ivo Andrić
"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country"
Georg von Békésy
"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"
Dag Hammarskjöld
"for developing the UN into an effective and constructive international organization, capable of giving life to the principles and aims expressed in the UN Charter"
Robert Hofstadter
"for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
Rudolf Mössbauer
"for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name"
Willard F. Libby
"for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
Saint-John Perse
"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time"
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet
"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"
Peter Medawar
"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"
Albert Lutuli
"for his non-violent struggle against apartheid"
Donald A. Glaser
"for the invention of the bubble chamber"
Jaroslav Heyrovsky
"for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis"
Salvatore Quasimodo
"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times"
Severo Ochoa
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
Arthur Kornberg
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
Philip Noel-Baker
"for his longstanding contribution to the cause of disarmament and peace"
Emilio Segrè
"for their discovery of the antiproton"
Owen Chamberlain
"for their discovery of the antiproton"
Frederick Sanger
"for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"
Boris Pasternak
"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"
George Beadle
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
Edward Tatum
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
Joshua Lederberg
"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
Georges Pire
"for his efforts to help refugees to leave their camps and return to a life of freedom and dignity"
Pavel A. Cherenkov
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
Igor Y. Tamm
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
Il´ja M. Frank
"for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
Lord Todd
"for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes"
Albert Camus
"for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times"
Daniel Bovet
"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"
Lester Bowles Pearson
"for his crucial contribution to the deployment of a United Nations Emergency Force in the wake of the Suez Crisis"
Chen Ning Yang
"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
Tsung-Dao Lee
"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
Sir Cyril Hinshelwood
"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
Nikolay Semenov
"for their researches into the mechanism of chemical reactions"
Juan Ramón Jiménez
"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity"
André F. Cournand
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
Werner Forssmann
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
Dickinson W. Richards
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
William B. Shockley
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
John Bardeen
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
Walter H. Brattain
"for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
Vincent du Vigneaud
"for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
Halldór Laxness
"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland"
Hugo Theorell
"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Willis E. Lamb
"for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
Polykarp Kusch
"for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
Linus Pauling
"for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
Ernest Hemingway
"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in <I>The Old Man and the Sea,</I> and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"
John F. Enders
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
Thomas H. Weller
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
Frederick C. Robbins
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
"for its efforts to heal the wounds of war by providing help and protection to refugees all over the world"
Max Born
"for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction"
Walther Bothe
"for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith"
Hermann Staudinger
"for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry"
Winston Churchill
"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values"
Hans Krebs
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"
Fritz Lipmann
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
George C. Marshall
"for proposing and supervising the plan for the economic recovery of Europe"
Frits Zernike
"for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope"
Archer J.P. Martin
"for their invention of partition chromatography"
Richard L.M. Synge
"for their invention of partition chromatography"
François Mauriac
"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life"
Selman A. Waksman
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
Albert Schweitzer
"for his altruism, reverence for life, and tireless humanitarian work which has helped making the idea of brotherhood between men and nations a living one"
Felix Bloch
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
E. M. Purcell
"for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
Edwin M. McMillan
"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
Glenn T. Seaborg
"for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
Pär Lagerkvist
"for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind"
Max Theiler
"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"
Léon Jouhaux
"for having devoted his life to the fight against war through the promotion of social justice and brotherhood among men and nations"
John Cockcroft
"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
Ernest T.S. Walton
"for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles"
Otto Diels
"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"
Kurt Alder
"for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis"
Bertrand Russell
"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought"
Edward C. Kendall
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
Tadeus Reichstein
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
Philip S. Hench
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
Ralph Bunche
"for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948-1949"
Cecil Powell
"for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method"
William F. Giauque
"for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
William Faulkner
"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"
Walter Hess
"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"
Egas Moniz
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"
John Boyd Orr
"for his lifelong effort to conquer hunger and want, thereby helping to remove a major cause of military conflict and war"
Hideki Yukawa
"for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces"
Arne Tiselius
"for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis, especially for his discoveries concerning the complex nature of the serum proteins"
T.S. Eliot
"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"
Paul Müller
"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
Patrick M.S. Blackett
"for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation"
Sir Robert Robinson
"for his investigations on plant products of biological importance, especially the alkaloids"
André Gide
"for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight"
Carl Cori
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
Gerty Cori
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
Bernardo Houssay
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"
Friends Service Council
"for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations"
American Friends Service Committee
"for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations"
Edward V. Appleton
"for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer"
James B. Sumner
"for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
John H. Northrop
"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
Wendell M. Stanley
"for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
Hermann Hesse
"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style"
Hermann J. Muller
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
Emily Greene Balch
"for her lifelong work for the cause of peace"
John R. Mott
"for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries"
Percy W. Bridgman
"for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics"
Artturi Virtanen
"for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method"
Gabriela Mistral
"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"
Sir Alexander Fleming
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
Ernst B. Chain
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
Sir Howard Florey
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"
Cordell Hull
"for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations"
Wolfgang Pauli
"for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle"
Otto Hahn
"for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei"
Johannes V. Jensen
"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style"
Joseph Erlanger
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
Herbert S. Gasser
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
International Committee of the Red Cross
"for the great work it has performed during the war on behalf of humanity"
Isidor Isaac Rabi
"for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
George de Hevesy
"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers in the study of chemical processes"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
Henrik Dam
"for his discovery of vitamin K"
Edward A. Doisy
"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
Otto Stern
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
Adolf Butenandt
"for his work on sex hormones"
Leopold Ruzicka
"for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes"
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
"for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature"
Gerhard Domagk
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
Ernest Lawrence
"for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
Richard Kuhn
"for his work on carotenoids and vitamins"
Pearl Buck
"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"
Corneille Heymans
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"
Nansen International Office for Refugees
"for having carried on the work of Fridtjof Nansen to the benefit of refugees across Europe"
Enrico Fermi
"for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons"
Norman Haworth
"for his investigations on carbohydrates and vitamin C"
Paul Karrer
"for his investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2"
Roger Martin du Gard
"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle <I>Les Thibault</I>"
Albert Szent-Györgyi
"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"
Robert Cecil
"for his tireless effort in support of the League of Nations, disarmament and peace"
Clinton Davisson
"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
George Paget Thomson
"for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
Peter Debye
"for his contributions to our knowledge of molecular structure through his investigations on dipole moments and on the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases"
Eugene O'Neill
"for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"
Sir Henry Dale
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
Otto Loewi
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
Carlos Saavedra Lamas
"for his role as father of the Argentine Antiwar Pact of 1933, which he also used as a means to mediate peace between Paraguay and Bolivia in 1935"
Victor F. Hess
"for his discovery of cosmic radiation"
Carl D. Anderson
"for his discovery of the positron"
Frédéric Joliot
"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
Irène Joliot-Curie
"in recognition of their synthesis of new radioactive elements"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
Hans Spemann
"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"
Carl von Ossietzky
"for his burning love for freedom of thought and expression and his valuable contribution to the cause of peace"
James Chadwick
"for the discovery of the neutron"
Harold C. Urey
"for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
Luigi Pirandello
"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art"
George H. Whipple
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
George R. Minot
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
William P. Murphy
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
Arthur Henderson
"for his untiring struggle and his courageous efforts as Chairman of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference 1931-34"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. 1/3 of the prize money was allocated to the main fund and 2/3 was allocated to the special fund of this prize section."
Ivan Bunin
"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing"
Thomas H. Morgan
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"
Sir Norman Angell
"for having exposed by his pen the illusion of war and presented a convincing plea for international cooperation and peace"
Erwin Schrödinger
"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
Paul A.M. Dirac
"for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory"
Irving Langmuir
"for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
John Galsworthy
"for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in <I>The Forsyte Saga</I>"
Sir Charles Sherrington
"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"
Edgar Adrian
"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Werner Heisenberg
"for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen"
Carl Bosch
"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
Friedrich Bergius
"in recognition of their contributions to the invention and development of chemical high pressure methods"
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
"The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt"
Otto Warburg
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"
Jane Addams
"for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind"
Nicholas Murray Butler
"for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Hans Fischer
"for his researches into the constitution of haemin and chlorophyll and especially for his synthesis of haemin"
Sinclair Lewis
"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"
Karl Landsteiner
"for his discovery of human blood groups"
Nathan Söderblom
"for promoting Christian unity and helping create 'that new attitude of mind which is necessary if peace between nations is to become reality'"
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
"for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him"
Arthur Harden
"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"
Hans von Euler-Chelpin
"for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes"
Thomas Mann
"principally for his great novel, <I>Buddenbrooks</I>, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"
Christiaan Eijkman
"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"
Sir Frederick Hopkins
"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"
Frank B. Kellogg
"for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact"
Louis de Broglie
"for his discovery of the wave nature of electrons"
Adolf Windaus
"for the services rendered through his research into the constitution of the sterols and their connection with the vitamins"
Sigrid Undset
"principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"
Charles Nicolle
"for his work on typhus"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Owen Willans Richardson
"for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
Heinrich Wieland
"for his investigations of the constitution of the bile acids and related substances"
Henri Bergson
"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented"
Julius Wagner-Jauregg
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"
Ferdinand Buisson
"for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation"
Ludwig Quidde
"for their contribution to the emergence in France and Germany of a public opinion which favours peaceful international cooperation"
Arthur H. Compton
"for his discovery of the effect named after him"
C.T.R. Wilson
"for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
The Svedberg
"for his work on disperse systems"
Grazia Deledda
"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"
Johannes Fibiger
"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"
Aristide Briand
"for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty"
Gustav Stresemann
"for their crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty"
Jean Baptiste Perrin
"for his work on the discontinuous structure of matter, and especially for his discovery of sedimentation equilibrium"
Richard Zsigmondy
"for his demonstration of the heterogenous nature of colloid solutions and for the methods he used, which have since become fundamental in modern colloid chemistry"
George Bernard Shaw
"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Sir Austen Chamberlain
"for his crucial role in bringing about the Locarno Treaty"
Charles G. Dawes
"for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan"
James Franck
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
Gustav Hertz
"for their discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Władysław Reymont
"for his great national epic, <I>The Peasants</I>"
Willem Einthoven
"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Manne Siegbahn
"for his discoveries and research in the field of X-ray spectroscopy"
Fritz Pregl
"for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances"
William Butler Yeats
"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation"
Frederick G. Banting
"for the discovery of insulin"
John Macleod
"for the discovery of insulin"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Robert A. Millikan
"for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
Francis W. Aston
"for his discovery, by means of his mass spectrograph, of isotopes, in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his enunciation of the whole-number rule"
Jacinto Benavente
"for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama"
Archibald V. Hill
"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"
Otto Meyerhof
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"
Fridtjof Nansen
"for his leading role in the repatriation of prisoners of war, in international relief work and as the League of Nations' High Commissioner for refugees"
Niels Bohr
"for his services in the investigation of the structure of atoms and of the radiation emanating from them"
Frederick Soddy
"for his contributions to our knowledge of the chemistry of radioactive substances, and his investigations into the origin and nature of isotopes"
Anatole France
"in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Hjalmar Branting
"for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism"
Christian Lange
"for their lifelong contributions to the cause of peace and organized internationalism"
Albert Einstein
"for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect"
Walther Nernst
"in recognition of his work in thermochemistry"
Knut Hamsun
"for his monumental work, <I>Growth of the Soil</I>"
August Krogh
"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"
Léon Bourgeois
"for his longstanding contribution to the cause of peace and justice and his prominent role in the establishment of the League of Nations"
Charles Edouard Guillaume
"in recognition of the service he has rendered to precision measurements in Physics by his discovery of anomalies in nickel steel alloys"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Carl Spitteler
"in special appreciation of his epic, <I>Olympian Spring</I>"
Jules Bordet
"for his discoveries relating to immunity"
Woodrow Wilson
"for his role as founder of the League of Nations"
Johannes Stark
"for his discovery of the Doppler effect in canal rays and the splitting of spectral lines in electric fields"
Fritz Haber
"for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Max Planck
"in recognition of the services he rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Karl Gjellerup
"for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals"
Henrik Pontoppidan
"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
International Committee of the Red Cross
"for the efforts to take care of wounded soldiers and prisoners of war and their families"
Charles Glover Barkla
"for his discovery of the characteristic Röntgen radiation of the elements"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Verner von Heidenstam
"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Richard Willstätter
"for his researches on plant pigments, especially chlorophyll"
Romain Rolland
"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
William Bragg
"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays"
Lawrence Bragg
"for their services in the analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays"
Theodore W. Richards
"in recognition of his accurate determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of chemical elements"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Robert Bárány
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"
"No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section."
Max von Laue
"for his discovery of the diffraction of X-rays by crystals"
Alfred Werner
"in recognition of his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules by which he has thrown new light on earlier investigations and opened up new fields of research especially in inorganic chemistry"
Rabindranath Tagore
"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West"
Charles Richet
"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"
Henri La Fontaine
"for his unparalleled contribution to the organization of peaceful internationalism"
Heike Kamerlingh Onnes
"for his investigations on the properties of matter at low temperatures which led, inter alia, to the production of liquid helium"
Victor Grignard
"for the discovery of the so-called Grignard reagent, which in recent years has greatly advanced the progress of organic chemistry"
Paul Sabatier
"for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds in the presence of finely disintegrated metals whereby the progress of organic chemistry has been greatly advanced in recent years"
Gerhart Hauptmann
"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art"
Alexis Carrel
"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"
Elihu Root
"for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries"
Gustaf Dalén
"for his invention of automatic regulators for use in conjunction with gas accumulators for illuminating lighthouses and buoys"
Marie Curie
"in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element"
Maurice Maeterlinck
"in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations"
Allvar Gullstrand
"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"
Tobias Asser
"for his role as co-founder of the Institut de droit international, initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law (Conférences de Droit international privé) at the Hague, and pioneer in the field of international legal relations"
Alfred Fried
"for his effort to expose and fight what he considers to be the main cause of war, namely, the anarchy in international relations"
Wilhelm Wien
"for his discoveries regarding the laws governing the radiation of heat"
Otto Wallach
"in recognition of his services to organic chemistry and the chemical industry by his pioneer work in the field of alicyclic compounds"
Paul Heyse
"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories"
Albrecht Kossel
"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"
Permanent International Peace Bureau
"for acting as a link between the peace societies of the various countries, and helping them to organize the world rallies of the international peace movement"
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
"for his work on the equation of state for gases and liquids"
Wilhelm Ostwald
"in recognition of his work on catalysis and for his investigations into the fundamental principles governing chemical equilibria and rates of reaction"
Selma Lagerlöf
"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"
Theodor Kocher
"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"
Auguste Beernaert
"for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration"
Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant
"for their prominent position in the international movement for peace and arbitration"
Guglielmo Marconi
"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
Ferdinand Braun
"in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy"
Ernest Rutherford
"for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances"
Rudolf Eucken
"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life"
Ilya Mechnikov
"in recognition of their work on immunity"
Paul Ehrlich
"in recognition of their work on immunity"
Klas Pontus Arnoldson
"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors"
Fredrik Bajer
"for their long time work for the cause of peace as politicians, peace society leaders, orators and authors"
Gabriel Lippmann
"for his method of reproducing colours photographically based on the phenomenon of interference"
Eduard Buchner
"for his biochemical researches and his discovery of cell-free fermentation"
Rudyard Kipling
"in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author"
Alphonse Laveran
"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
"for his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy"
Louis Renault
"for his decisive influence upon the conduct and outcome of the Hague and Geneva Conferences"
Albert A. Michelson
"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"
Henri Moissan
"in recognition of the great services rendered by him in his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the adoption in the service of science of the electric furnace called after him"
Giosuè Carducci
"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces"
Camillo Golgi
"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"
Santiago Ramón y Cajal
"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"
Theodore Roosevelt
"for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia"
J.J. Thomson
"in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases"
Adolf von Baeyer
"in recognition of his services in the advancement of organic chemistry and the chemical industry, through his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds"
Henryk Sienkiewicz
"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer"
Robert Koch
"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"
Bertha von Suttner
"for her audacity to oppose the horrors of war"
Philipp Lenard
"for his work on cathode rays"
Sir William Ramsay
"in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air, and his determination of their place in the periodic system"
Frédéric Mistral
"in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist"
José Echegaray
"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama"
Ivan Pavlov
"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"
Institute of International Law
"for its striving in public law to develop peaceful ties between nations and to make the laws of war more humane"
Lord Rayleigh
"for his investigations of the densities of the most important gases and for his discovery of argon in connection with these studies"
Svante Arrhenius
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation"
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit"
Niels Ryberg Finsen
"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"
Randal Cremer
"for his longstanding and devoted effort in favour of the ideas of peace and arbitration"
Henri Becquerel
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his discovery of spontaneous radioactivity"
Pierre Curie
"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
Marie Curie
"in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"
Emil Fischer
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by his work on sugar and purine syntheses"
Theodor Mommsen
"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, <I>A history of Rome</I>"
Ronald Ross
"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"
Élie Ducommun
"for his untiring and skilful directorship of the Bern Peace Bureau"
Albert Gobat
"for his eminently practical administration of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"
Hendrik A. Lorentz
"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"
Pieter Zeeman
"in recognition of the extraordinary service they rendered by their researches into the influence of magnetism upon radiation phenomena"
Jacobus H. van 't Hoff
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions"
Sully Prudhomme
"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"
Emil von Behring
"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"
Henry Dunant
"for his humanitarian efforts to help wounded soldiers and create international understanding"
Frédéric Passy
"for his lifelong work for international peace conferences, diplomacy and arbitration"
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
"in recognition of the extraordinary services he has rendered by the discovery of the remarkable rays subsequently named after him"